의정부영어 용현동영어 민락동영어 신곡동영어 be long run reversion to the mean in populations across states, as captured in the 1850 term. Speci…cation (24) is a standard trend break model, that allows for state …xed e¤ects, but assumes population follows a linear time trend () and then tests for a break in this linear trend in the years after compulsory schooling law has been adopted in state . Table A6 presents the results: Panel A shows estimates of from (23), and Panel B shows estimates of and from (24). In Columns 1 to 3 we focus on the partial correlation between the passage of compulsory schooling in a state on the subsequent total state population ( = P ). Examining Panel A, we see that unconditionally, states with compulsory schooling subsequently have signi…cantly larger populations, but this result is not robust: including state …xed e¤ects reduces the magnitude of the partial correlation by 90%, and allowing for reversion to the mean eliminates any signi…cant correlation between the total population and the earlier passage of compulsory schooling. Columns 4 to 7 focus on the composition of the foreign-born population in the state. We …nd no evidence that after compulsory schooling laws are passed, the foreign born population, European migrants from countries with a long history of compulsory schooling, European migrants from countries without a long history of compulsory schooling, or the ratio of the two groups of European migrant, are signi…cantly di¤erent. These results go …rmly against the idea that native or migrant population movements are endogenously driven by the earlier passage of compulsory schooling in a state. Equally, the results suggests migrant groups were not resisting the civic values being imparted onto them via compulsory schooling by moving to other states. These conclusions are reinforced if we move to Panel B where (24) is estimated: we again …nd little evidence of native or migrant populations being responsive to the earlier passage of compulsory schooling (b = 0 in …ve out of six speci…cations). 47 A.3.5 Other Legislation The next set of robustness checks include additional controls in (4). We use two broad classes of additional control. First, we consider the passage of other pieces of state legislation, that might be complementary to, or pre-requisites for, the passage of compulsory schooling. For example, the passage of child labor laws and the establishment of a birth registration system have been argued to be interlinked with compulsory schooling [Lleras-Muney 2002, Goldin and Katz 2003]. Column 1 of Table A8 shows the baseline results to be unchanged if we additionally control for whether a state has child labor laws or a system of birth registration. Given the stability of our coe¢cients of interest, this …nding further implies migrant groups were not di¤erentially attracted to states based on these legislative and regulatory characteristics.52 A related concern is that some states might be more progressive than others, in that they are more likely to pass compulsory schooling, but also be more likely to universal su¤rage or to allow women property rights and over their own earnings. If migrants from European countries are di¤erentially likely to locate to such progressive states (as a function of their country of origin’s own legislative history), our earlier result would be spurious. To check for this we then additionally control for both state characteristics. Column 2 shows that neither having universal su¤rage nor property rights for women have signi…cant impacts on the passage of compulsory schooling in the state (neither hazard signi…cantly di¤ers from one). Moreover, the impacts of the presence of di¤erent migrant groups replicate the baseline …ndings. The remaining Columns of Table A8 consider additional controls related to the presence of European migrants from countries that have passed other pieces of legislation, apart from compulsory schooling, that might relate to migrant values. For example, we consider whether the Americanborn median voter responds to the presence of Europeans from countries
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